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O Hilaire Fernandes é o Vice-Presidente da OFSET, uma organização para promover o desenvolvimento de software educacional 'livre' para o ambiente de trabalho Gnome. Ele também escreveu o Dr. Geo, um programa pioneiro na geometria dinâmica e, está presentemente a trabalhar no Dr. Genius - outro programa educacional para o Gnome.

• Utilitários necessários
• Modele de desenvolvimento para os exercícios
• Desenvolvimento Orientado a Objectos
• Python e o Desenvolvimento Orientado a Objectos
• Exercicio Classe Pai
• labelExercice, Primeiro Exemplo de Herança
• colorExercice, Segundo Exemplo de Herança
• Ajustamentos Finais no Drill
• Apendice: Código Fonte Completo
• Forma de respostas para este artigo

Desenvolvendo Aplicações para o Gnome com o Python (Parte 3)

Abstrato:

Esta série de artigos é especialmente escrita para programadores novatos usando o Gnome e GNU/Linux. O Python, a linguagem escolhida para desenvolvimento, evita a habitual complicação das linguagens compiladas como o C. Para entender este artigo precisa de ter uma compreensão básica da programação em Python. Mais informação acerca do Python e do Gnome está disponível em http://www.python.org e http://www.gnome.org.

Artigos anteriores desta série :
- primeiro artigo
- segundo artigo

from templateExercice import exercice

monExercice = exercice ()
monExercice.activate (ceWidget)

class exercice:
    "A template exercice"
    exerciceWidget = None
    exerciceName = "No Name"
    def __init__ (self):
        "Create the exericice widget"
    def activate (self, area):
        "Set the exercice on the area container"
        area.add (self.exerciceWidget)
    def unactivate (self, area):
        "Remove the exercice fromt the container"
        area.remove (self.exerciceWidget)
    def reset (self):
        "Reset the exercice"

from templateExercice import exercice

class labelExercice(exercice):

  def __init__ (self, name):
      self.exerciceName = "Un exercice vide" (Trans. note: an empty exercise)
      self.exerciceWidget = GtkLabel (name)
      self.exerciceWidget.show ()

class colorExercice(exercice):
    width, itemToSelect = 200, 8
    selectedItem = rootGroup = None
    # to keep trace of the canvas item
    colorShape = []

def __init__ (self):
    self.exerciceName = "Le jeu de couleur" # Translator Note: the color game
    self.exerciceWidget = GnomeCanvas ()
    self.rootGroup = self.exerciceWidget.root ()
    self.buildGameArea ()
    self.exerciceWidget.set_usize (self.width,self.width)
    self.exerciceWidget.set_scroll_region (0, 0, self.width, self.width)
    self.exerciceWidget.show ()

    def reset (self):
        for item in self.colorShape:
            item.destroy ()
        del self.colorShape[0:]
        self.buildGameArea ()

def addExercice (category, title, id):
    item = GtkTreeItem (title)
    item.set_data ("id", id)
    category.append (item)
    item.show ()
    item.connect ("select", selectTreeItem)
    item.connect ("deselect", deselectTreeItem)
[...]
def addGameExercice ():
    global exerciceList
    subtree = addSubtree ("Jeux")
    addExercice (subtree, "Couleur", "Games/Color")
    exerciceList ["Games/Color"] = colorExercice ()

def on_new_activate (obj):
    global exoSelected
    if exoSelected != None:
        exoSelected.reset ()

def selectTreeItem (item):
    global exoArea, exoSelected, exerciceList
    exoSelected = exerciceList [item.get_data ("id")]
    exoSelected.activate (exoArea)

def deselectTreeItem (item):
    global exoArea, exerciceList
    exerciceList [item.get_data ("id")].unactivate (exoArea)

#!/usr/bin/python
# Drill - Teo Serie
# Copyright Hilaire Fernandes 2002
# Release under the terms of the GPL licence
# You can get a copy of the license at http://www.gnu.org


from gnome.ui import *
from libglade import *

# Import the exercice class
from colorExercice import *
from labelExercice import *

exerciceTree = currentExercice = None
# The exercice holder
exoArea = None
exoSelected = None
exerciceList = {}

def on_about_activate(obj):
    "display the about dialog"
    about = GladeXML ("drill.glade", "about").get_widget ("about")
    about.show ()

def on_new_activate (obj):
    global exoSelected
    if exoSelected != None:
        exoSelected.reset ()

def selectTreeItem (item):
    global exoArea, exoSelected, exerciceList
    exoSelected = exerciceList [item.get_data ("id")]
    exoSelected.activate (exoArea)

def deselectTreeItem (item):
    global exoArea, exerciceList
    exerciceList [item.get_data ("id")].unactivate (exoArea)

def addSubtree (name):
    global exerciceTree
    subTree = GtkTree ()
    item = GtkTreeItem (name)
    exerciceTree.append (item)
    item.set_subtree (subTree)
    item.show ()
    return subTree

def addExercice (category, title, id):
    item = GtkTreeItem (title)
    item.set_data ("id", id)
    category.append (item)
    item.show ()
    item.connect ("select", selectTreeItem)
    item.connect ("deselect", deselectTreeItem)


def addMathExercice ():
    global exerciceList
    subtree = addSubtree ("Mathématiques")
    addExercice (subtree, "Exercice 1", "Math/Ex1")
    exerciceList ["Math/Ex1"] = labelExercice ("Exercice 1")
    addExercice (subtree, "Exercice 2", "Math. Ex2")
    exerciceList ["Math/Ex2"] = labelExercice ("Exercice 2")

def addFrenchExercice ():
    global exerciceList
    subtree = addSubtree ("Français")
    addExercice (subtree, "Exercice 1", "French/Ex1")
    exerciceList ["French/Ex1"] = labelExercice ("Exercice 1")
    addExercice (subtree, "Exercice 2", "French/Ex2")
    exerciceList ["French/Ex2"] = labelExercice ("Exercice 2")

def addHistoryExercice ():
    global exerciceList
    subtree = addSubtree ("Histoire")
    addExercice (subtree, "Exercice 1", "Histoiry/Ex1")
    exerciceList ["History/Ex1"] = labelExercice ("Exercice 1")
    addExercice (subtree, "Exercice 2", "Histoiry/Ex2")
    exerciceList ["History/Ex2"] = labelExercice ("Exercice 2")

def addGeographyExercice ():
    global exerciceList
    subtree = addSubtree ("Géographie")
    addExercice (subtree, "Exercice 1", "Geography/Ex1")
    exerciceList ["Geography/Ex1"] = labelExercice ("Exercice 1")
    addExercice (subtree, "Exercice 2", "Geography/Ex2")
    exerciceList ["Geography/Ex2"] = labelExercice ("Exercice 2")

def addGameExercice ():
    global exerciceList
    subtree = addSubtree ("Jeux")
    addExercice (subtree, "Couleur", "Games/Color")
    exerciceList ["Games/Color"] = colorExercice ()


def initDrill ():
    global exerciceTree, label, exoArea
    wTree = GladeXML ("drill.glade", "drillApp")
    dic = {"on_about_activate": on_about_activate,
           "on_exit_activate": mainquit,
           "on_new_activate": on_new_activate}
    wTree.signal_autoconnect (dic)
    exerciceTree = wTree.get_widget ("exerciceTree")
    # Temporary until we implement real exercice
    exoArea = wTree.get_widget ("exoArea")
    # Free the GladeXML tree
    wTree.destroy ()
    # Add the exercice
    addMathExercice ()
    addFrenchExercice ()
    addHistoryExercice ()
    addGeographyExercice ()
    addGameExercice ()

initDrill ()
mainloop ()

# Exercice pure virtual class
# exercice class methods should be override
# when exercice class is derived
class exercice:
    "A template exercice"
    exerciceWidget = None
    exerciceName = "No Name"
    def __init__ (self):
        "Create the exericice widget"
    def activate (self, area):
        "Set the exercice on the area container"
        area.add (self.exerciceWidget)
    def unactivate (self, area):
        "Remove the exercice fromt the container"
        area.remove (self.exerciceWidget)
    def reset (self):
        "Reset the exercice"

# Dummy Exercice - Teo Serie
# Copyright Hilaire Fernandes 2001
# Release under the terms of the GPL licence
# You can get a copy of the license at http://www.gnu.org

from gtk import *
from templateExercice import exercice

class labelExercice(exercice):
    "A dummy exercie, it just prints a label in the exercice area"
    def __init__ (self, name):
        self.exerciceName = "Un exercice vide"
        self.exerciceWidget = GtkLabel (name)
        self.exerciceWidget.show ()

# Color Exercice - Teo Serie
# Copyright Hilaire Fernandes 2001
# Release under the terms of the GPL licence
# You can get a copy of the license at http://www.gnu.org

from math import cos, sin, pi
from whrandom import randint
from GDK import *
from gnome.ui import *

from templateExercice import exercice


# Exercice 1 : color game

class colorExercice(exercice):
    width, itemToSelect = 200, 8
    selectedItem = rootGroup = None
    # to keep trace of the canvas item
    colorShape = []
    def __init__ (self):
        self.exerciceName = "Le jeu de couleur"
        self.exerciceWidget = GnomeCanvas ()
        self.rootGroup = self.exerciceWidget.root ()
        self.buildGameArea ()
        self.exerciceWidget.set_usize (self.width,self.width)
        self.exerciceWidget.set_scroll_region (0, 0, self.width, self.width)
        self.exerciceWidget.show ()
    def reset (self):
        for item in self.colorShape:
            item.destroy ()
        del self.colorShape[0:]
        self.buildGameArea ()
    def shapeEvent (self, item, event):
        if event.type == ENTER_NOTIFY and self.selectedItem != item:
            item.set(outline_color = 'white') #highligh outline
        elif event.type == LEAVE_NOTIFY and self.selectedItem != item:
            item.set(outline_color = 'black') #unlight outline
        elif event.type == BUTTON_PRESS:
            if not self.selectedItem:
                item.set (outline_color = 'white')
                self.selectedItem = item
            elif item['fill_color_gdk'] == self.selectedItem['fill_color_gdk'] \
                 and item != self.selectedItem:
                item.destroy ()
                self.selectedItem.destroy ()
                self.colorShape.remove (item)
                self.colorShape.remove (self.selectedItem)
                self.selectedItem, self.itemToSelect = None, \
                 self.itemToSelect - 1
                if self.itemToSelect == 0:
                    self.buildGameArea ()
        return 1

    def buildShape (self,group, number, type, color):
        "build a shape of 'type' and 'color'"
        w = self.width / 4
        x, y, r = (number % 4) * w + w / 2, (number / 4) * w + w / 2, w / 2 - 2
        if type == 'circle':
            item = self.buildCircle (group, x, y, r, color)
        elif type == 'squarre':
            item = self.buildSquare (group, x, y, r, color)
        elif type == 'star':
            item = self.buildStar (group, x, y, r, 2, randint (3, 15), color)
        elif type == 'star2':
            item = self.buildStar (group, x, y, r, 3, randint (3, 15), color)
        item.connect ('event', self.shapeEvent)
        self.colorShape.append (item)

    def buildCircle (self,group, x, y, r, color):
        item = group.add ("ellipse", x1 = x - r, y1 = y - r,
                          x2 = x + r, y2 = y + r, fill_color = color,
                          outline_color = "black", width_units = 2.5)
        return item

    def buildSquare (self,group, x, y, a, color):
        item = group.add ("rect", x1 = x - a, y1 = y - a,
                          x2 = x + a, y2 = y + a, fill_color = color,
                          outline_color = "black", width_units = 2.5)
        return item

    def buildStar (self,group, x, y, r, k, n, color):
        "k: factor to get the internal radius"
        "n: number of branch"
        angleCenter = 2 * pi / n
        pts = []
        for i in range (n):
            pts.append (x + r * cos (i * angleCenter))
            pts.append (y + r * sin (i * angleCenter))
            pts.append (x + r / k * cos (i * angleCenter + angleCenter / 2))
            pts.append (y + r / k * sin (i * angleCenter + angleCenter / 2))
        pts.append (pts[0])
        pts.append (pts[1])
        item = group.add ("polygon", points = pts, fill_color = color,
                          outline_color = "black", width_units = 2.5)
        return item

    def getEmptyCell (self,l, n):
        "get the n-th non null element of l"
        length, i = len (l), 0
        while i < length:
            if l[i] == 0:
                n = n - 1
            if n < 0:
                return i
            i = i + 1
        return i

    def buildGameArea (self):
        itemColor = ['red', 'yellow', 'green', 'brown', 'blue', 'magenta',
                     'darkgreen', 'bisque1']
        itemShape = ['circle', 'squarre', 'star', 'star2']
        emptyCell = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
        self.itemToSelect, i, self.selectedItem = 8, 15, None
        for color in itemColor:
            # two items of same color
            n = 2
            while n > 0:
                cellRandom = randint (0, i)
                cellNumber = self.getEmptyCell (emptyCell, cellRandom)
                emptyCell[cellNumber] = 1
                self.buildShape (self.rootGroup, cellNumber, \
                 itemShape[randint (0, 3)], color)
                i, n = i - 1, n - 1